Electrically conducting pneumatic tire



July 5, 1949. J. L. REYNcLDs ELECTRICLLY CONDUCTING PNEUMATIC TIRE 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Aug :L5 1944 y; ri

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Jlllimlawlf July 5, 1949. J. L. REYNoLDs ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING PNEUMATIC TIRE 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Aug. l5, 1944 ANW July 5, 1949. J. L.. REYNoLDs ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING PNEUMATIQ TIRE Filed Aug. 15, 1944 K///////////// l s July 5, 1949. J. L. REYNOLDS ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING PNEUMATIC TIRE Filed Aug'. 15, 1944 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 Patented July 5, 1949 UNITED sTATEs PATENT OFFICE ELECTRICALLY COIlCTIN G PNEUMATICI Julian L. Reynolds, Richmond, Va.

Application August 15, 1944, Serial No. 549,546

3 Claims. (Cl. 152-354) 1 This invention is-a continuation-impart of copending application, Serial No. 517,236, filed January 6, 1944, which has matured into Patent No. 2,423,995, July 15, 1947, for Pneumatic tire, and

relates to a rubber or other flexible structure.

and more particularly to a resilient rubber or other liexible structure in which metal laments having high heat conductivity or being capable of conducting electric current are employed in the body of the structure to distribute heat substantially throughout the structure. Where heat is generated by flexing and internal friction the metal filaments conduct the heat away from local high temperature areas so that it can be more readily dissipated through the walls of the structure and to any metal or other materials in contact with the structure. In certain structures it is possible to have the filaments either come in contact with or into close proximity to metal members which extend exteriorly of the flexible structure so as to directli dissipate heat to the atmosphere or to materials in contact therewith. Conversely the structures of the present invention, particularly those having exteriorly extending metal members may be employed to introduce heat into flexible structures, for example, to keep airplane tires warm or to warm them just prior to landing or taking off in extremely cold climates. Where such metal members make electrical contact with the filaments in the flexible structure, they may be arranged to act as electric terminal for the flow of heating current through the filaments so as to actually produce heat substantially throughout the structure.

The invention has particular utility in pneumatic tire structures and will be first specifically described in connection therewith. The use of Imetal wires and cables in the construction of pneumatic tire structures has been suggested, primarily for reinforcement of such tires or improving their anti-skid characteristics. How ever, in the prior Iart structures, comparatively heavy round cables or wires have been employed for reinforcing, so that the surfaces available for collecting heat from theV rubber or fabric portions of the tire have been relatively small compared to the Weight and volume of metal used. This, coupled with the fact that such wires or cables have been made of iron or steel. which Fur-I up strains in the tire structure when the tire is rapidly stressed which cause distortion of the rubber of fabric portions of the tires to an extent generating even more heat than was dissipated due to the metal incorporated into the tire. The heating, in conjunction with the large stresses adjacent the relatively inflexible wires or cables of the prior art, has caused separation of the rubber from the metal strands and breaking of the strands resulting in premature failure of the tire.

In accordance with the present invention, very thin fiat strips or filaments presenting large surfaces of metal are incorporated into the body of tire structures in a manner which prevents the undue stresses referred to above. The thin metal strips or filaments employed in the present invention present large surface areas to the resilient material of the tire for the eflicient transfer of heat to the filaments. Also, the thin metal filaments are preferably made of a highly heat conductive material and are positioned in the tire so as to conduct heat away from the areas of greatest heat generation. Of the high heat conductive metal. aluminum or aluminum alloys are preferred, as certain of the high heat conducting metals, for example copper, have a deleterious effect upon the rubber, which is entirely absent when aluminum is employed.

The flat metal filaments of the present invention may-be employed in various forms, either alone or in combination with fabric or other filaments, to produce structurally strong tires having the heat dispersion qualities above discussed. Preferably the metal filaments extend continuously from one bead of the tire to the other bead and into relatively close proximity to the metal cables or wires conventionally employed in such beads, so that heat generated in any portion of the tire is conducted to substanf tially all portions of the tire and to the bead cables, which are positioned quite close to the metallic rim upon which the tire is mounted in use. Not only is heat dissipated by radiation and convection from substantially the entire outer surface area of the tire, but is also conducted in a large measure to the rim or wheel upon which the tire is mounted to be dissipated therefrom. This is particularly true when metal members 'incontact with or close to such cables are also positioned to contact the rim.

While the invention will be most fully described with reference to vehicle tires, it is to be understood that it is also adaptable and applicable in structures such as shoe soles, heels, articles of apparel, braking or pressure apparatus where heat generated in one spot is desired to be distributed evenly and uniformly over the whole structure. It ls also understood that while the constructions of the present invention have superior qualities for distributing heat generated by frictional stresses within the body, the structure may also be employed to conduct heat from external sources into the structure. A preferred arrangement for this purpose includes terminals or some means of outside contact with the internally placed iiexible filamentary structures. Thus the structures may also be employed to enable heat to enter the structures so as to distribute heat from an outside source into the tire, shoe sole, apparel etc. Electric current can be caused to be conducted throughout these structures. The resistance to current flow will cause heat to be formed, and the article will be heated instead of cooled. It can be seen that foot covering parts, vehicular tires, aviators helmets, apparel, etc. may be heated in extremely cold temperatures. In an automobile tire, this contact may be made through external terminals on the outside surface of the beads of the tire, care being taken that at least one of the terminals be insulated so as not to short circuit the filaments.

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an improved rubber or other resilient or flexible structure having high heat dispersing and dissipatlng qualities.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved resilient structure of insulating material having heat and electrical conductive filaments therein to provide for heating or cooling the structure.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved tire structure embodying aplurality of thin filaments of a high heat conducting metal distributed throughout the body portion of the tire.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved tire structure in which thin fiat laments of a high heat conducting material are employed in the body of the tire to present large surface areas of such heat conducting material to the rubber and fabric portions of the tire so as to readily receive heat generated in such portions and distribute the same throughout the tire, thus lowering the average temperature of the tire and providing for heat dissipation from substantially the entire surface of the tire.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved tire structure in which a flexible high heat conducting metal is distributed in thin fiat filaments so that the primary bending of the filaments when the tire is in use is along lines parallel to the broader surfaces of said filaments.

A further object of the invention is to provide an improved tire fabric or cord structure containing thin fiat filaments of a flexible metal having high heat conductivity.

A still further object of the invention is to provide an improved tire fabric having high strength and high heat conductivity whereby such fabric provides reinforcement for the tire and at the same time provides for rapiddissipation of heat from the tire.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will appear in the following description of preferred embodiments thereof given in connection with the attached drawing, in which:

'Figure 1 is an isometric lsectional view of part of a pneumatic tire casing with certain portions broken away to showthe inner construction;

, Figure 5;

Figure '7 is a cross section of a further modified filament on a greatly enlarged scale;

Figure 8 is a fragmentary view on an enlarged scale of a composite cord employing both textile and metallic filaments;

Figure 9 is a view similar to Figure 8 showing a further modified cord;

Figure 10 is a view similar to Figure 8 a further modified cord;

Figure l1 is a view similar to Figure 8 showing a. further modified type of cord or cable;

Figure 12 is a fragmentary view showing another manner of employing the metal filaments of the present invention;

Figure 13 is a cross section on a greatly enlarged scale of a metallic filament coated with an adhesive material useful in securing a better bond to the rubber composition of a tire;

Figure 14 is a fragmentary sectional view of a tire and rim arrangement for making electrical connection to metallic filaments in a tire;

Figure 15 is a fragmentary elevation of the bead portion of the tire of Figure 14;

Figure 16 is a fragmentary elevation of the rim of Figure 14; l

' Figure 1'7 is a view showing a modified resilient structure containing continuous metallic filaments arranged for external electrical connection;

Figure 18 is a fragmentary section taken on the line I8-I8 of Figure 17;

Figure 19 is a fragmentary view showing another modification of a composite cord;

Figure 20 is a sectional view taken on the line 20-20 of Figure 19;

Figure 21 is a view similar to Figure 19 showing a further modified cord;

Figure 22 is a sectional view taken on the line 22-22 of Figure 21;

Figure 23 is a view similar to Figure 19 showing a further modified cord;

Figure 24 is a sectional view taken on the line 2,4-24 of Figure 23;

Figure 25 is a somewhat diagrammatic vertical section through an automobile wheel showing a heat exchange chamber incorporated therein; and

Figure 26 is a diagrammatic view of the rear axle assembly of an automobile showing a tire refrigerating apparatus carried by the frame of the automobile.

Referring more particularly to the drawings, the tire of Figure 1 may have the usual tread portion I0, a body portion I'I provided with an inner fabric lining I2 and bead portion I3. A plurality of thin flat metal filaments or strips I 4 may be incorporated in the body portion of the tire including the portion underlying the tread portion II). In the embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 1, four layers of the metallic filaments Il, II, I8 and I9 are shown, although it will be apparent from the following description that the metallic filaments may be showing v calender. dipping variously distributed throughout the body portion of the tire. As further shown in Figure 1. the metallic filaments may be laid helically of the tire body, for example, the filaments I4 o! the layer i8 may extend in one direction from one bead to the other bead. while .the nlaments I4 of the layer i8 may be positioned substantially at right angles to the illaments I4 of the layer il so as to extend helically in the other direction from one bead of the tire to the other. It will be understood that the layers i8 and Il may be arranged relative to4 each other in substantially the same manner.

One advantageous manner of constructing a tire having metallic filaments therein is to additionally employ layers 2! P52122 of conventional textile cords such as cotton or rayon interspersed between the layers ofi metallic filaments. lt is advantageous to have the layers of metal filaments, if employed in conjunction with layers of textile filaments, positioned adjacent the inner and outer surfaces ci the tire. although various other arrangements or" textile cords and metal filaments may be employed as will herelnafter appear. lit is also advantageous to bring the ends of the metallic filaments into close proximity with the conventional metallic wires or cables in the beads it of the tire. ne shown in Figure l, the ends oi the metallic filaments in layers it and il may be wrapped around the cable et and the ends ci the metallic filaments in layers ill and it may be wrapped around the cable lill, the ende ot the textile cords in the layers 2l and 22 being Wrapped around the cable 2li, This type of structure brings the metallic filaments into close proximity with the cables 2t. all, and 2E so that heat is readily transmitted to the cables and thus readily distributed throughout the bead ill. Since the bead l@ is ordinarily7 positioned in contact with a metallic rim or wheel oi relatively large surface area. heat is eifectively transferred from. the body of. the tire through the metallic filaments to the bead cables and to the rim of wheel structure from which it is rapidly dissipated.

A preferred manner of incorporating the dlaments into a tire is apparent from Figure 2 which is a fragmentary view of a bias fabric similar to that conventionally employed in rriakinar 'cord tires. The metallic filaments Il may, if deared. be held in position during fabrication o t1w tire by a plurality of small transverse threads 2l and` as shown in Figure 3, this entire structure may be coated and bound together with a ruhbe rr similar composition 28 which becomes an integral portion of the tire when the bias structureshown in Figure 3 is employed in building the tire. The auxiliary transverse threads 21 of Figure 2, in general, serve no useful purpose in the tire and may be omitted,y i'f desired. the rubber composition of Figure 3 being relied upon for holding the metallic ilaments in position during fabrication of the tire. The rubber composition 28 of Figure 3 may be applied in any known or suitable manner, lsuch as frictioninar on a in rubber solutions or in latex, etc.

In order to more uniformly distribute thc metallic filaments throughout the tire, the bias vcord structure of Figure 4 may be employed.

This structure includes both metallic filaments Il and textile cords 2| coated with a. rubber composition 28. Such a bias structure may be employed for all or any'portlon of the reinforc- 6 ing structure of the tire. and combines high strength properties with high heat dispersing properties. It will be apparent that the number of metallic nlaments relative to the number ot textile cords in the reinforcing structure employed in a given tire may be varied depending tions and in addition provide for resiliency of the metallic filament in a direction longitudinally of the filament. A

In the structures thus far describedy the primary purpose of the metallic laments is heat distribution into the structur or out ci the structure, reliance being had primarily upon conventional textile cords for reinforcement or the tire. it will be understood, however, that thin ilat ilaments may be employed of sutlcient thickness to provide substantial reinforcement for the tire while still retaining such nlaments very thin as compared to prior structures employlng metallic wires or cables. This is particularly true il the metallic filaments of the present invention are made of high strength aluminum alloys. which alloys, in general, retain high heat conductive properties as compared to iron or steel filaments. For extremely heavy tires, either solid or pneumatic, lt is sometimes advantageous to employ a thin composite mament made up ci. an iron or steel core 3i as shown on a greatly enlarged scale in Figure 7, the core 3i being surrounded by a coating 32 of high heat conductive metal such as aluminum, the coating being applied to the core 3l in any desired manner, such as by dipping in molten aluminum or by applying aluminum foil to the surfaces of the core 3l. Such structures incorporate both the high strength properties of such materials as iron or steel along with the high heat conductive proporties or aluminum or similar high heat conductive metal; It will be understood that composite filaments such as shown in Figure 7 may be employed as the metallic filament in any ci the structures of the present invention.

Another manner of incorporating the thin metallic filaments of the present invention into tire structures is shown in Figure 8, in which a ilat metallic filament 33 is spirally wrapped around a cord 34 which may be of any textile material such as cotton or rayon suitable for employment in tire structures. As shown in Figure 9, a plurality of metallic illaments 38 may be wrapped around a cord core 31 to produce a composite cord similar to that shown in Figure 8. The metallic filaments 38 of Fig. 9 are shown as being wrapped parallel in Figure 9, but as shown in Figure 10, metallic filaments 38 may be wrapped helically in opposite directions around a core 31. The cores 31 of Figures 9 and 10 are shown as solid cores made of plastic material such as rubber or certain synthetic resins. If the core 31 is made of rubbenit becomes integrally incorporated into the tire when the composite cord of Figures 9 and 10 is woven into a bias fabric such as shown in Figs. 2 to 4 and then incorporated into a tire such as shown in Figure 1. During curing of the tire. the rubber of the body portion of the tire becomes integrally bonded' with the rubber ofthe core 31 so as to. leave the helical solls of the metallic laments Il positioned in the tire structure. In general, cords such as shown ln Figures 9 and 10 with a rubber core are employed in conjunction with textile cords either in separate layers as shown in Figure 1 or intermingled by employing a fabric such as shown in Figure 4. The textile cords in such structure may also be of the type shown in Figure 8 having metallic filaments helically wrapped therearound.

It will be apparent that one or more metallic filaments may be employed in any oi' the constructions of Figures 8 to 10 and that the metallic filament may completely cover the core although it is advantageous to leave substantial portions of the cord core uncovered so that the rubber of the tire body may bond or penetrate into the core. A particularly advantageous construction of the cords of Figures 9 and 10 is to use high tensile strength plastics which are available at the present time, such as rubber plasticized styrene; plasticized ethyl \.,cellulose; plasticized polyvinyl butyral; various copolymers of polyvinyl compounds such as the acetate or chloride; regenerated cellulose; cellulose acetate; rayon; nylon," etc. Such cores may be either solid cores such as shown in Figures 9 and 10, or cores made up of a plurality of woven or twisted fine filaments to provide a structure such as that shown in Figure 8. Such plastic materials have extremely high tensile strength and high resistance to flexing. Any of the composite cord structures of Figures 8 to 10 having a high tensile strength core such as a textile fabric core or high tensile strength plastic core in conjunction with a thin flat metallic filament may be employed as the sole reinforcing elements in a tire, or may be employed in conjunction with layers of conventional textile cords or interspersed with such textile cords in the manner shown in Figure 4.

By making the cords of Figures 8 to 10 of very small size, a plurality of such cords can be ernpioyed to form a multi-strand cord such as shown in Figure 11. Thus a plurality of cords 39 wrapped around a central core 4I or twisted with.- out a central core may be employed as the cord elements of a bias fabric such as that shown in Figure 2. By employing high tensile strength metallic cores in the cords of Figures 8 to 10, inclusive, about which metallic filaments of high heat conductivity metal are wrapped, high heat conducting cables having high tensile strength can be constructed for use as bead cables such as those shown at 23, 24 and 28 in Figure 1. Thus, the structure of Figure 11, in small sizes and having flexible cores in the various cords 39, may be employed as the reinforcing elements extending through the body of the tire while large size cord elements 39 employing high tensile strength metallic cores may be employed for the bead cables.

A further modified manner of employing fiat metallic filaments having a large surface area is illustrated in Figure 12, wherein a single element 42 is twisted about its longitudinal axis to produce a metallic filament which has increased longitudinal resilience. Such a twisted filament as shown in Figure 12 may be employed, in part or in whole, as the filaments or cords in a friction fabric such as shown in Figure 2, so that he twisted filaments run helically from one bead to the other in a tire constructed with such a bias fabric. Relatively tightly twisted filaments of small size of the type shown in Figure 12 can also be used to make up a multistrand cord such as that shown in Figure 11, which multistrand cord is suitable for incorporation into a bias fabric such as that shown in Figure 2 in order to enable the multistrand cord to be incorporated into a tire.

One of the dimculties encountered in prior attempts to employ metallic strands in tires has been the failure to secure a satisfactory bond between the metal and the rubber. In certain structures contemplated by the present invention, wherein the metallic maments are interspersed with textile cords, this failure to secure high bonding strength between the strand and the rubber is not of extreme importance, since in such cases the textile cords are primarily relied upon for tire reinforcement. Nevertheless, a good bond between the rubber and the metal even in such cases is desirable, as the metal does to some extent assist in reinforcing the tire and high bonding efficiency insures good contact between the metal and the rubber, thus increasing heat transference to the metal. Also, in certain constructions according to the present invention, it is desired to have the metal provide at least a portion of the reinforcing action. In order to secure such a bond, it is advantageous to initially coat the metal filaments with a material which adheres both to metal and rubber. In Figure 13. a metal filament 43 is shown on a greatly enlarged scale as being provided with a coating M, the thickness of which is exaggerated for purposes of illustration. It is to be understood that all of the metallic filaments in the various structures illustrated may be coated with such a bond-promoting material in a very thin coat. Many of the thermo-plastic resins, such as those mentioned above as usable for core structures in Figures 8 to l0, as well as halogenated rubber such as chlorinated rubber, increase the bonding efficiency between rubber and metal and may be employed for this purpose. The same is true of most thermosetting resins, the phenol or creosol aldehyde resins in general providing the best bonding efficiency. A preferred construction of the present invention, is therefore, to subject the metallic filaments of the present invention to a coating operation with a phenol or creosol aldehyde resin prior to incorporating the same into a tire fabric or tire structure. This can be accomplished by employing a partially reacted resin which is soluble in an organic solvent and the coating may be carried out by dipping or spraying the filaments with a resin solution in any known or suitable manner. Upon evaporation of the solvent, a thin coating of unreacted resin is left upon the surfaces of the filament, and, upon incorporation of the filaments into a tire structure, the thermosetting resin is cured simultaneously with the rubber of the tire during vulcanization thereof to provide a bond of high tensile strength between the rubber and the metal filament. The other bond promoting materials such as the thermoplastic resins or halogenated rubber, may be applied to the filaments in substantially the same manner, or where the materials are capable of being melted, they can be applied in molten form. The coatings of bond promoting materials, not only increase bonding efficiency between the filaments and the rubber, but, in general, materially increase the tensile strength of the filaments themselves, this being particularly true when coatings of nylon, rayon, polyvinyl butyrai or other high tensile strength plastics are employed.

Other structures for incorporating flat metallic filaments into cord structures in conjunction with textile or othercords or cores are shown in Figs. 20

9 to 24 inclusive. For example, in Figs. 19 and 20 a plurality of metallic laments 4B may be twisted together with flexible members 41 with or without a center core 48. In such a structure the width of the flat metallic fllamentsenay extend substantially radially of the twisted composite cord so 'that the filaments are positioned between adjacent flexible members 4l, as shown in Fig. 20. The flexible members 41 are preferably of high tensile Y strength such as textile cords or high strength plastic filaments but may be rubber strands. The elements 41 may also be of high tensile strength low heat conducting metals so that the high heat conducting metal of the filaments 46 imparts high heat conducting properties to the composite cord or cable. The latter mentioned structures are particularly advantageous for bead cables and tires, the bead cable being made up of a plurality of composite cords such as that shown in Fig. 20 twisted together into a structure similar to that shown in Fig. l1.

Instead of twisting composite members of metallic filaments together with other members having high tensile strength, braided structures such as shown in Figs. 21 to 24 inclusive can be employed. Thus, in Figs. 21 and 22 a fiat braided composite cord is shown including thin flat metalliciilaments 49 and textile or other cords or filaments 5I, and in Figs. 23 and 24 a round braided structure is shown including thin fiat metallic filaments 52 and textile or other cords or filaments 53. If desired, the braided structure of Figs. 23 and 24 mayl include a core 56 of any suitable material such as textile fibers or plastic or rubber strands. Instead of using single metallic filaments as strands in the braided structures, it will be apparent that any of the composite cords of Figs. 8 to 10 or 19 and 20 can be employed. Any of the composite cords of Figs. 19 to 24 inelusive, can be applied in the same manner as the cords or other filaments of Figs. 8 to 12 inclusive, namely as reinforcing and heat conducting elements in rubber or other structures, for example in the tire structure of Figs. 1 and 2 or in the structures of Figs. 14 to 17 inclusive hereinafter described. It will be apparent that the metallic filaments of the cords of Figs. 19 to 24 inclusive may be creped as shown in Figs. 5 and 6 or coated with a bonding material such as described wlth respect to Fig. 13. Furthermore, these metallic filaments may have a core of high tensile strength metal such as shown at 32 in Fig. 7 covered with a surface layer of aluminum e aluminum alloy as shown at 32 in Fig. 7.

A modified type of tire structure is shown in Figs. 14 and 15 in which metallic filaments 51 having high heat conducting properties make electrical and heat conducting contact with a metallic member 58 extending to the surface portion of the tire. In such a structure textile or other reinforcing cords 59 may be wrapped around an upper bead cable 6I and the metallic filaments 51 wrapped around a lower bead cable t2. Bead cable 62 may be made up of a plurality of metallic wires or stranded wires and in order to increase its heat conductivity may be of the type of structure described in Figs. 11, or 19 and 20. so as to have increased heat conducting properties. In fabricating a tire any coating of rubber or bonding material on the exterior surface of either the cable member 52 or the ends of the filaments 51 is preferably removed so that metallic contact is made between the filaments 51 and the wires or filaments of the cable B2. The cable B2 serves to connect all or substantially all of thel 10 metallic laments together and to distribute heat conducted to the cable through the filaments substantially uniformly around the bead structures of the tire.

At spaced points around such bead structures, metallic members Il may be inserted in the tire during its fabrication so as to extend to the exterior surface of the tire and provide a heat conductingy path from the interior of the tire to the surface thereof. The members 5l are preferably of high heat conductivity metal such as aluminum or aluminum alloys and have a portion 63 making metallic and electrical contact with the metallic filaments 51 and cable 82. The members 58 also preferably have a portion I4 imbedded in the vertically extending surface l5 of the bead so as to be positioned for contact with a flange of a rim 68. It will be apparent that the portion 64 can form a plate element of substantial area making contact with the rim for transmission of heat from the interior of the tire to the rim. The rim and wheel structure constitute a large radiating surface for dissipation of such heat to the surrounding atmosphere. It will be appreciated that heat will flow in either direction so that the tire illustrated in Figs. 14 and 15 may be employed with conventional rims as a means for heating a tire in extremely cold weather, for example by applying heat in any suitable manner to the rim or wheel structure of a vehicle. This is of importance where vehicles or airplanes are employed in extremely cold climates. Conversely the tire structures shown in Figs. 14 and 15 can be employed in conjunction with a rim or wheel structure to cool the tire in areas where extremely high temperatures are encountered such as in the tropics and on deserts. Cooling the wheel and rim structure, for example by refrigerants, in any suitable manner will abstract heat from the tire at a rapid rate.

Another manner of heating a tire in cold climates is to pass an electrical current through the metallic filaments in the tire. A structure for accomplishing this purpose is .shown in Figs. 14 and 16, in which the rim is provided with an aperture 68 receiving an insulating member B8 through which extends a metallic element 1I having a head 12 making electrical contact with the member 58. An insulating washer 13 and a fastening element 14 may be employed to retain the conducting member 'll in the rim and in conjunction with the member 89 to insulate the member 'Il from the rim. An electrical conductor 16 may be suitably connected to the conducting member 'l I. By this structure electrical connection from an external source of electric power can be made to one end of metallic filaments 51 in the tire without electrical connection to the rim 66. It will be appreciated that a similar element or elements 58 in the other bead of the tire can be employed to make electrical contact with the rim 66 so that electrical current can flow from the conductor 16 through the conducting elements 1i, the conducting member 58 and the metallic lilaments 51 to the rim 66. A low voltage current of high value from any suitable electrical source can thereby be caused to flow through the metallic filaments 51 to generate heat by reason of resistance loss in such filaments and to thereby heat the tire substantially uniformly throughout. Any suitable or known electrical connections (not shown) can be employed for completing the electrical circuit from the conductors 'IB on the revolving wheel structure to a terminal of a stationarysource of electricpower on the vehicle or other structure, the other terminal of the source being grounded to a metallic portion making electrical contact with the rim 88.

A similar structure can be employed for making electrical connections to metallic filaments positioned in other types of flexible structures such as heating pads, aviation high-altitude clothing, helmets, etc. By way of example, a flexible structure is shown in Fig. 1'1 including a cord 11 embodying a metallic filament 18 embedded in a flexible body 18 made of rubber or other flexible insulating material. It will be understood that the composite cord 11 may take any of the forms of Figs. 8 to 12 inclusive or Figs. 19 to 24 inclusive, and may be of considerable length as shown in Fig. 17 so that a series path of relatively high resistance may be provided. By

employing a metallic filament of aluminum or aluminum alloys of thin cross-section wrapped about or otherwise associated with a flexible cord of relatively high tensile strength, substantially any electrical resistance for the current path may be obtained. For such structuresl the supporting cord may be of asbestos, glass fiber or other heat resisting material with the metallic filaments en- 2 cased therein so as to more uniformly distribute the heat to the flexible material 18. vA suitable way of making electrical contact with the metallic filaments 18 is shown in'Figs. 1'1 and 18 and may comprise a metallic grommet or rivet 8| incorporated in the structure so as to have the cord 11 wrapped therearound with the filament 18 making electrical contact with the grommet 8 I.

An arrangement for cooling tires during operation thereof is shown diagrammatically in Figures and 26. Thus Figure 25 shows by way of example, a rear wheel 8|' of an automobile, the wheel carrying a tire 82, which may be of any of the types above described, but which is pref-. erably of the type shown in Figures 14 and 15 providedv with metal inserts 58 for carrying heat from metallic filaments in the tire to the surface of the tire. Such inserts make metallic contact with the flanges of the wheel 8| to transmit the heat thereto. The wheel 8| of Figure 25 may be secured to a driving flange 82 which also carries the brake drum 83. The brake drum 83 may ex tend into close proximity to a stationary backing. plate 84 carrying the brake ports (not shown) and secured to the axle housing 86. An annular heat exchange chamber 81 may be secured to an annular extension of the backing plate 84. This stationary chamber 81 may extend between the rotating brake drum 83 and the rim 88 of the wheel 8| so that turbulence of the air in the annular chamber formed between the backing plate 84, brake drum 88, wheel 8l and rim 88 causes rapid heat transference between the wheel and rim structure and the chamber 81.

The chamber 81 is preferably employed to cool tires when operated under conditions causing overheating thereof, and for this purpose, may be a closed chamber forming the evaporator of a refrigerating system. Thus as shown more clearly in Figure 26, flexible tubes 88 and 8| may form the inlet and outlet respectively for the chamber 81. These tubes may be suitably connected to a refrigerating apparatus 82 carried by the frame 83 of the automobile, the refrigerating apparatus being operated in any suitable manner, for example, electrically from the battery and generator of the automobile or by heat from the exhaust. While direct supplying of a volatile refrigerant to the interior of chamber: 81 is a preferred operation, it will be understood that a refrigerated reinforcing stress.

liquid may be circulated through the chamber 81. the latter mentioned operation having the advantage that the liquid may be either cooled or heated so as to also be usable for heating tires in cold climates. It will also be apparent that instead of a mechanical or heat operated refrigerating apparatus, a supply tank of compressed gaseous refrigerant such as liquid carbon dioxide or liquid air or other gas may be carried by the automobile and introduced in the chamber 81 through the tubes 88 when needed, the vapor escaping to the atmosphere through tube 8l. The vapors from a supply of solid carbon dioxide positioned in a suitable closed container can also be employed. Where the cooling medium is allowed to exhaust to the atmosphere, it is apparent that the closed chamber 81 can be omitted and the cooling medium supplied directly to the substantially closed chamber formed by the wheel 8|', rim 88, brake drum 83 and backing plate 84. In any case the metallic filaments conduct heat to the metal wheel and this heat is withdrawn by the refrigerant.

In any of the structures above described the thickness of the fiat metallic filament employed will vary with the size of the tire and the degree to which reliance is had on the metallic film for tire reinforcement. Thus thin fiat metallic filaments having thickness ranging from approximately .00015 to .01 inch in thickness are contemplated. The large surface areas which can be obtained will be apparent from the fact that 1 lb. of aluminum rolled to a caliper of .00017 inch will yield approximately 60,000 square inches of metal or 120,000 square inches of surface. The thicker filaments are employed in the heavier structures such as truck tires and where the metal is relied upon to take at least a portion of the A thinner material is employed in conjunction with other types of stress absorbing members such as textile cords, the filaments either being distributed in the tire as shown in Figures 1 to 4 and 12. or as a part of a composite cord as shown in Figures 8 to 11. The width of such thin fiat filaments will also vary but will usually be in the neighborhood of Va to 1A of an inch.

The thin fiat metallic filaments preferably employed in the present invention may be made in any desired manner, such as by flattening thin wire under pressure, for example by running the same between rolls, or sheets of thin metal may be rolled and then slitted.

For heat dispersing properties aluminum is preeminently suitable since it is a very good conductor of heat and is exceeded in conductivity only by copper, silver and gold. The conductivity of aluminum at C. through a plate 1 cm. thick, across an area of 1 cm.2 is .49 calorie per second where the difference in temperature is one degree, whereas the heat conductivity of pure copper on the same basis is .908, that of silver is .992, and that of gold is .703. The heat conductivity of iron and steel upon the same basis varies from about .1 to .16. These heat conductivities are very nearly correct for any usual tire temperature. On a Weight basis, which is probably even more important, the ratio of heat con ductivity of aluminum to copper is approximately 1.8y/the same ratio with respect to silver is approximately 1.9, and with respect to gold is approximately 5. This ratio with respect to iron and steel varies from about 8.8 to 14. Gold and silver, however, are not practical metals because of expense. Copper tends to cause rapid deterioration ofthe rubber. but may be employed ii covered with a thin coating oi' aluminum or other metal which does not attack rubber. Aluminum does not have any deleterious ell'ect upon rubber compositions as it does not react readily with rubber or vulcanlzing ingredients ordinarily employed and any small amount of aluminum compounds which may be formed have no deteriorating eiect upon the rubber composition.

For heat conductivity only, a malleable or soit aluminum is preferred as it has extremely good resistance to iiexing, but the invention also contemplates aluminum alloys such as those having a small percentage of beryllium or lithium, for example 116 to A Buch alloys are extremely tough and have high tensile strength and are particularly suitable for the large .size metallic laments contemplated by the present invention which also assist in reinforcing the tire. is stated above, in some instances, it is also desirable to use thin, ilat strips of a high tensile strength metal such as iron wire covered with aluminum foil or coated with aluminum so that the wire has an aluminum surface of high heat conducting properties. Even aluminum cased wires or iron or other high tensile strength metal may in some instances be employed in the form of cables. These wires may be twisted into cables with or without center cores or cords of textile bers or other materials. Cotton or rayon nbers are suitable although a center core of rubber, plasticized styrene, polyvinyl butyral or other suitable plastics such as those mentioned above may be employed. Such cables are particularly suitable for use in the beads of the tire although they may be used in small sizes for heat dispersing and reinforcing cords in the body of the tire.

While the invention has been particularly described with reference to pneumatic tire casings, it will be apparent that solid rubber tires or other rubber structures subjected to repeated drastic distortion so as to cause frictional heat generation may have the high heat conducting filaments oi the present invention incorporated therein so as to distribute the heat throughout the structure and rapidly conduct the same to the surfaces of the structure for heat dispersion. Such structures may be similar to the wall portion of the tire of Figure 1 or the modifications of such wall structure described with reference to the remaining iigures.

It to be understood that the term "rubber" as employed herein is intended to cover natural or synthetic rubber or rubber-like materials capable of being cured and suitable for making tires or other similar resilient structures sujected to repeated distorting stresses. It is also understood that my invention is not to be restricted to any particular type of synthetic rubber or rubber-like material as the synthetics may be of such materials as those made under the trade names of ThiokoL neoprene, Marvinol, or other com binations or derivatives of the Buns-S and fBuna-N synthetic rubber material or of the intermediate compounds such as isopolybutylenes or combinations of these rubber-like materials with the vinyls or cellulosic plactics.

While I have disclosed the preferred embodiments of my invention, it is understood that the detalls thereof may be varied within the scope of the following claims.

I claim:

1. In a pneumatic tire having a continuous rubber body and bead portions and .provided with exible reinforcing cords extending substantially 14 helically through said body portion between said bead portions, the combination with a plurality of thin ilexlble metallic iilaments distributed within said body portion and also extending continuously and substantially helically through said body portion from one bead portion to the other, said filaments consisting essentially of aluminum and being in the form of metallic ribbons having a thickness which is small relative to the width thereof, said illaments being wrapped about individual cords of said ilexible reinforcing cords, electrical conducting cable elements extending circumferentially of said tires and positioned in said bead portions, the ends of said laments making electrical contact with said conducting 1 cable elements', and metallic structures embedded in said beads and having portions extending to the exterior surface of said beads for contact with a rim structure, said metallic structures also having portions extending into electrical contact with said conducting cable elements to provide for establishing an electrical circuit through said nla= ments between the metallic structures in the beads of said tire, whereby said filaments consti tute resistance elements for heating said tire vby current now between said metallic structures embedded in said beads.

2. In a pneumatic tire having a continuous rubber body and bead portions and provided with iiexible reinforcing cords extending substantially helically through said body portion between said bead portions, the combination with a plurality of thin flexible metallic :diamants distributed within said body portion and also extending continuously and substantially helically through said body portion from one bead portion to the other,

f said ilaments consisting essentially of aluminum and being in the form of metallic ribbons having a thickness which is small relative to the width thereof, said illaments being wrapped about individual cords of said exible reinforcing cords, the convolutions of said filaments about said reinforcing cords being spaced from each other to provide for engagement between said reinforcing cords and said rubber of said body portion, electrical conducting cable elements extending circumferentlally of said tires and positioned in said bead portions, the ends of said filaments making electrical contact with said conducting cable elements, and metallic structures embedded in said beads and having portions extending to the ex terior surface oi said beads for contact with a rim structure, said metallic structures also having portions extending into electrical contact with said conducting cable elements to provide for establishing an electrical circuit through said iilaments between the metallic structures in the beads of said tire, whereby said laments constitute resistance elements for heating said tire by current ow between said metallic structures embedded in said beads.

Zi. In a pneumatic tire having a continuous rubber body and bead portions and provided with exible reinforcing cords extending substantially helically through said body portion between said bead portions, the combination with a plurality of thin flexible metallic iilaments distributed within said body portion and also extending continuously and substantially helically through said body pori-.ion from one bead portion to the other, said ilaments consisting essentially of aluminum and being in the form of metallic ribbons having a thickness which is small relative to the width thereof, the thickness of said illaments being between approximately .00015 and .0l inch and the width of said llaments being between approxi mately $64 and 54, inch, said nlaments being wrapped about individual cords of said flexible reinforcing cords, electrical conducting cable elements extending circumferentially of said tires and positioned in said bead portions, the ends of said laments making electrical contact with said conducting cable elements, andv metallic structures embedded in said beads and having pori tions extending to the exterior surface of said beads for contact with a rim structure, said metallic structures also having portions extending :REFERENCES CITED The following referenlces are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 589,434 Hooper Sept. 7, 1897 1,034,847 Viel Aug. 6, 1912 1,253,259 Leo Jan. 15, 1918 1,339,736 Burke May 11, 1920 1,457,892 Blackwelder June 5, 1923 1,905,657 Harbox Apr. 25, 1933 1,945,285 Loomisi Jan. 30, 1934 1,983,617 Ladon Dec. 11, 1934 2,343,551 Harklns Mar. 7, 1944 2,423,995 Reynolds July 15, 194'? FOREIGN PATENTES Number Country Date 1,550 Great Britain 1905 443,202 Great Britain 1934* 409,467 France 1910 

